Annotated Bibliography

Works Cited

Agencies, Buzzle Staff and. "Intelligence Quotient - What It Is and What It Means." Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 29 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/intelligence-quotient-what-it-is-and-what-it-means.html>. In this article, I learned that IQ scores are affected by childhood experiences and how people are raised. Scores may also reflect the amount of income. For instance, those with higher IQ scores tend to have greater incomes. However, IQ tests can be culturally biased and affect minority groups. The article's information did not encompass the focus of my project, but it did have some interesting facts about the IQ test which is a major part of the theories of intelligence.

Brooks, David. "Genius: The Modern View." Editorial. New York Times 1 May 2009: A23. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/opinion/01brooks.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=genius%20the%20modern%20view&st=cse>. The secret to having a special talent or being a genius is concentrating very hard during long periods of time. It is being dedicated to one's subject and focusing on becoming better. Practice separates geniuses from those who are just good. No one is born a genius. A person becomes one when he or she is able to develop a successful routine to accomplish his or her goal. All together this source was very helpful in defining the word "genius" and giving another perspective on intelligence besides IQ.

Cathcart, Jim. "7 Intelligences: What Does It Mean to Be Smart?" Web log post. Cathcart Institute. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. <http://cathcart.com/media-press/motivation-articles/7-intelligences-what-does-it-mean-to-be-smart/>. Cathcart explains that there are seven multiple intelligences. He also says that "smart" is more than IQ scores. I think that the definintions of these seven intelligences will help my project when I explain the different theories.

Cherry, Kendra. "Theories of Intelligence." About.com. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. <http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/p/intelligence.htm>. With this article, I learned about four theories of intelligence. Spearman believed in general intelligence that can be tested and measured. Thurstone believed in seven "primary mental abilities." Garder came up with the theory that there are eight intelligences based on talent. Steinberg's triarchic theory of intelligence says that "successful intelligence" is made up of analytical, creative, and practical intelligences. This was very informative of what psychologists propose what intelligence is. It proved that there is no clear definition of intelligence.

Gopnik, Alison. "Your Baby Is Smarter Than You Think." Editorial. New York Times 16 Aug. 2009: WK10. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/opinion/16gopnik.html?pagewanted=all>. Babies' brains work differently than adults'. They are born loving to explore and observe every new thing. Adults tend to focus on one thing and use what they have already learned to solve problems instead of trying to learn something new. This source was helpful in learning more about how people learn and how the brain works to absorb new information.

Hambrick, David Z., and Elizabeth J. Meinz. "Sorry, Strivers: Talent Matters." Editorial. New York Times 19 Nov. 2011. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/opinion/sunday/sorry-strivers-talent-matters.html>. This article states that those with a higher IQ are more likely to become successful. Different levels of working memory separate those who are good from the greatly talented. Practice is an important factor in accomplishing something, but natural talent is also very important. This information challenges information from other articles that say lots of practice is more important.

Isaacson, Walter. "The Genius of Jobs." Editorial. New York Times 29 Oct. 2011. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/sunday/steve-jobss-genius.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all>. What made Steve Jobs a genius was his ability to read people, to understand what people like and how they operate. He also had a great imagination and often based his decisions on instinct. He is compared with Einstein who was a genius for his intuition and imagination as well. The author says that there is a difference between smart and ingenious. He says that Mr. Jobs's greatness greatness was his ability to combine people skills with technological knowledge. This article was very helpful in learning an interesting perspective on what it means to be a genius.

Paul, Annie Murphy. "How to Be Brilliant." Rev. of The Genius in All of Us, by David Shenk. New York Times 21 Mar. 2010: 19. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/21/books/review/Paul-t.html>. David Shenk encourages us to reach into that part of the brain we don't normally use to become a genius. All we have to do, he says, is really concentrate on learning something. He tells us to think of talent "not as something we have, but as something we do." A lot of practice and being passionate about it results in success. He believes that there is no limit to what we can accomplish.

Pinker, Steven. "Mind Over Mass Media." Editorial. New York Times 10 June 2010: A31. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/opinion/11Pinker.html>. Media does not diminish intelligence. Success comes whrn we concentrate on one field. Knowledge is aquired when we think critically and analyze and debate. This article backs up other sources not being a very strong resource itself, but it did provide opinion on the aquirement of knowledge.

Wade, Carole, and Carol Tavris. "Thinking and Intelligence." Invitation to Psychology. Ed. Leah Jewell. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2005. 228-39. Print. Using this textbook, I learned that there is some debate over intelligence. It also had a lot of information about the origin of the IQ test, its effectiveness in determining intelligence, and the problems with it. The chapter covered different theories of intelligence and how accurate they may be. It also said that the good IQ kind of intelligence is highly heritable. It also reviewed reasons for reduced mental ability. The text went on to say that motivation is possibly the biggest factor in success despite IQ scores.

Weber, Bruce. "Kim Peek, Inspiration for 'Rain Man,' Dies at 58." New York Times 27 Dec. 2009: A30. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/27/us/27peek.html?pagewanted=all>. Kim Peek could not even dress himself but could memorize Shakesperean plays. He "had perhaps the world's most capacious memory for facts." His social skills were not as good as most people, but his memory was remarkable. This provided a very good example of the complications in defining intelligence. He could not do simple tasks like brushing his own teeth but could memorize whole musical compositions. It was incredible that he was so smart yet disabled.